- Introduction & Quick Facts
- Relief
- The highland zone
- The lowland zone
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
- Relief
- Ethnic groups
- Languages
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
- Rural settlement
- Urban settlement
- Demographic trends
- Population growth
- Migration patterns
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- Agriculture
- Forestry
- Fishing
- Resources and power
- Minerals
- Energy
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labour and taxation
- Transportation and telecommunications
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- Constitutional framework
- Regional government
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
- Security
- Health and welfare
- The National Health Service
- Cash benefits
- Housing
- Education
- Primary and secondary education
- Private schools
- Higher education
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
- Newspapers
- Broadcasting
- Ancient Britain
- Pre-Roman
Britain
- Neolithic Period
- Bronze Age
- Iron Age
- Roman Britain
- The conquest
- Condition of the province
- Army and frontier
- Administration
- Roman society
- Economy
- Towns
- Villas
- Religion and culture
- The decline of Roman rule
- Pre-Roman
Britain
- Anglo-Saxon England
- The invaders and their early settlements
- The social system
- The conversion to Christianity
- The golden age of Bede
- The heptarchy
- The supremacy of Northumbria and the rise of Mercia
- The great age of Mercia
- The church and scholarship in Offa’s time
- The decline of Mercia and the rise of Wessex
- The period of the Scandinavian invasions
- Viking invasions and settlements
- Alfred’s government and his revival of learning
- The achievement of political unity
- The reconquest of the Danelaw
- The kingdom of England
- The church and the monastic revival
- The Anglo-Danish state
- The Danish conquest and the reigns of the Danish kings
- The reign of Edward the Confessor and the Norman Conquest
- The invaders and their early settlements
- The Normans (1066–1154)
- William I (1066–87)
- Resistance and rebellion
- The introduction of feudalism
- Government and justice
- Church–state relations
- William’s accomplishments
- The sons of
William I
- William II Rufus (1087–1100)
- Henry I (1100–35)
- The period of anarchy (1135–54)
- Matilda and Stephen
- Civil war
- England in the Norman period
- William I (1066–87)
- The early Plantagenets
- Henry II (1154–89)
- Government of England
- Struggle with Thomas Becket
- Rebellion of Henry’s sons and Eleanor of Aquitaine
- Richard I (1189–99)
- John (1199–1216)
- Loss of French possessions
- Struggle with the papacy
- Revolt of the barons and Magna Carta
- Economy and society
- Henry II (1154–89)
- The 13th century
- Henry III (1216–72)
- Minority
- Early reign
- The county communities
- Simon de Montfort and the Barons’ War
- Later reign
- Edward I (1272–1307)
- Law and government
- Finance
- The growth of Parliament
- Edward’s wars
- Domestic difficulties
- Social, economic, and cultural change
- Henry III (1216–72)
- The 14th century
- Edward II (1307–27)
- Edward III (1327–77)
- The Hundred Years’ War to 1360
- Domestic achievements
- Law and order
- The crises of Edward’s later years
- Richard II (1377–99)
- The Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
- John Wycliffe
- Political struggles and Richard’s deposition
- Economic crisis and cultural change
- Lancaster and York
- Henry IV (1399–1413)
- The rebellions
- Henry and Parliament
- Henry V (1413–22)
- The French war
- Domestic affairs
- Henry VI (1422–61 and 1470–71)
- Domestic rivalries and the loss of France
- Cade’s rebellion
- The beginning of the Wars of the Roses
- Edward IV (1461–70 and 1471–83)
- Richard III (1483–85)
- England in the 15th century
- Henry IV (1399–1413)
- England under the Tudors
- Henry VII (1485–1509)
- Economy and society
- Dynastic threats
- Financial policy
- The administration of justice
- Henry VIII (1509–47)
- Cardinal Wolsey
- The king’s “Great Matter”
- The Reformation background
- The break with Rome
- The consolidation of the Reformation
- The expansion of the English state
- Henry’s last years
- Edward VI (1547–53)
- Mary I (1553–58)
- Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
- The Tudor ideal of government
- Elizabethan society
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- The clash with Spain
- Internal discontent
- Henry VII (1485–1509)
- The early Stuarts and the Commonwealth
- England in 1603
- Economy and society
- Government and society
- James I (1603–25)
- Triple monarchy
- Religious policy
- Finance and politics
- Factions and favourites
- Charles I (1625–49)
- The politics of war
- Peace and reform
- Religious reform
- The Long Parliament
- Civil war and revolution
- Commonwealth and Protectorate
- England in 1603
- The later Stuarts
- Charles II (1660–85)
- The Restoration
- War and government
- The Popish Plot
- The exclusion crisis and the Tory reaction
- James II (1685–88)
- Church and king
- The Revolution of 1688
- William III (1689–1702) and Mary II (1689–94)
- The revolution settlement
- A new society
- The sinews of war
- Anne (1702–14)
- Whigs and Tories
- Tories and Jacobites
- Charles II (1660–85)
- 18th-century Britain, 1714–1815
- The state of Britain in 1714
- Britain from 1715 to 1742
- The supremacy of the Whigs
- Robert Walpole
- George II and Walpole
- Foreign policy
- Religious policy
- Economic policies
- The electoral system
- Walpole’s loss of power
- Britain
from 1742 to 1754
- The Jacobite rebellion
- The rule of the Pelhams
- Domestic reforms
- British society by the mid-18th century
- Joseph Massie’s categories
- Urban development
- Change and continuity
- The revolution in communications
- Britain from 1754 to 1783
- Conflict abroad
- Political instability in Britain
- The American Revolution
- Domestic responses to the American Revolution
- Britain from 1783 to 1815
- William Pitt the Younger
- Economic growth and prosperity
- The Industrial Revolution
- Britain during the French Revolution
- The Napoleonic Wars
- Imperial expansion
- Great Britain,
1815–1914
- Britain after the Napoleonic Wars
- State and society
- The political situation
- Early and mid-Victorian Britain
- State and society
- The political situation
- Whig reforms
- Chartism and the Anti-Corn Law League
- Peel and the Peelite heritage
- Palmerston
- Gladstone and Disraeli
- Economy and society
- Cultural change
- The development of private life
- Religion
- Leisure
- Late Victorian Britain
- State and society
- The political situation
- Gladstone and Chamberlain
- The Irish question
- Split of the Liberal Party
- Imperialism and British politics
- The return of the Liberals
- The international crisis
- Economy and society
- Family and gender
- Mass culture
- Britain after the Napoleonic Wars
- Britain from 1914 to the present
- The political situation
- World War I
- The Asquith coalition
- Lloyd George
- Between the wars
- The election of 1918
- Harsh peace and hard times
- Ireland and the return of the Conservatives
- The Baldwin era
- Baldwin and the abdication crisis
- Foreign policy and appeasement
- World War II
- The phases of war
- Political developments
- Britain since 1945
- Labour and the welfare state (1945–51)
- Economic crisis and relief (1947)
- Withdrawal from the empire
- Conservative government (1951–64)
- Labour interlude (1964–70)
- The return of the Conservatives (1970–74)
- Labour back in power (1974–79)
- The Margaret Thatcher government (1979–90)
- The Falkland Islands War, the 1983 election, and privatization
- Racial discrimination and the 1981 England riots
- The 2001 England riots
- The “Troubles” in Northern Ireland
- “Thatcherism”
- The government of John Major (1990–97)
- “Black Wednesday,” epidemic scandals, and Major’s “Citizens Charter”
- “Mad cow disease”
- The Tony Blair government (1997–2007)
- The struggle for control of Labour
- New Labour, the repeal of Clause IV, and the “third way”
- Navigating the European monetary system and the EU Social Chapter
- The Good Friday Agreement
- London’s local government, House of Lords reform, and devolution for Scotland and Wales
- The royal family’s “annus horribilis,” the death of Princess Diana, and the Millennium Dome
- The battle for the soul of the Conservative Party
- Response to the September 11 attacks
- Weapons of mass destruction and the Iraq War
- The Gordon Brown government (2007–10)
- Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition rule (2010–15)
- The U.K. general election of 2010
- First-past-the-post referendum
- Intervention in Libya
- News of the World hacking scandal
- The 2011 riots, the European sovereign debt crisis, and Cameron’s veto of changes to the Lisbon Treaty
- The 2012 London Olympics, Julian Assange’s embassy refuge, and the emergence of UKIP
- The birth of George, rejection of intervention in Syria, and regulation of GCHQ
- Euroskepticism
- Scottish independence referendum
- Economic recovery
- David Cameron on his own (2015–16)
- The U.K. general election of 2015
- The “Brexit” referendum
- The premiership of Theresa May (2016–19)
- The resignation of Cameron, the rise of May, and a challenge to Corbyn’s leadership of Labour
- Triggering Article 50
- The Manchester arena bombing and London bridge attacks
- The snap election campaign
- The 2017 U.K. general election
- The Grenfell Tower fire, a novichok attack in Salisbury, and air strikes on Syria
- The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, the Chequers plan, and Boris Johnson’s resignation
- EU agreement and Parliamentary opposition to May’s Brexit plan
- Objections to the Irish backstop and a challenge to May’s leadership
- Parliamentary rejection of May’s plan, May’s survival of a confidence vote, and the Independent Group of breakaway MPs
- Parliament rejects May’s plan again
- “Indicative votes,” May’s pledge to resign, a third defeat for her plan, and a new deadline
- The Boris Johnson government
- Boris Johnson’s ascent, the December 2019 snap election, and Brexit
- The coronavirus pandemic
- “Partygate”
- Further scandal and Johnson’s resignation
- The premiership of Liz Truss
- Ascent to office
- The death of Elizabeth II
- Abrupt resignation
- The premiership of Rishi Sunak
- World War I
- Society, state, and economy
- State and society
- Economy and society
- Family and gender
- Mass culture
- The political situation
- Ancient Britain
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