Economic Episodes in American History: The Great Depression, Part 5 Show
What were the major causes of the Great Depression? Among the suggested causes of the Great Depression are: the stock market crash of 1929; the collapse of world trade due to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff; government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply. In this video, Great Depression expert David Wheelock of the St. Louis Fed discusses the leading theories. David Wheelock gives a presentation on “The Great Depression” as part of an economic education workshop at the St. Louis Fed. Recorded July 11, 2013. Part 1: Why Do We Still Study the Great Depression? (5:55) Part 2: Some Useful Terms (7:03) Part 3: How Great Was the Great Depression? (3:06) Part 4: The Great Recession vs. the Great Depression (6:25) Part 5: What Caused the Great Depression? (9:59) Part 6: The Role of Bank Failures and Panics (11:33) Part 7: Where Was the Fed? (6:48) Part 8: What Caused the Recovery? (3:47) Part 9: Lessons Learned and Concluding Remarks (3:01) For additional Great Depression-related multimedia resources, from newsreels to oral histories, visit our audio, video and interview series pages. A state of financial turmoil What is an Economic Depression?An economic depression is an occurrence wherein an economy is in a state of financial turmoil, often the result of a period of negative activity based on the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rate. It is a lot worse than a recession, with GDP falling significantly, and usually lasts for many years. In the US, the Great Depression lasted for a decade, with the unemployment rate reaching 25% and wages falling by 42%. Causes of an Economic DepressionAn economic depression is primarily caused by worsening consumer confidence that leads to a decrease in demand, eventually resulting in companies going out of business. When consumers stop buying products and paying for services, companies need to make budget cuts, including employing fewer workers. But let us look more deeply into other factors that lead to economic depression. 1. Stock market crashThe stock market is composed of stocks that investors own in public companies. Changes in shareholdings can be a reflection of how an economy is doing. When the stock market crashes, it can be an indication of investors’ declining confidence in the economy. 2. Decrease in manufacturing ordersA business flourishes on the demand for its products and services. When manufacturing orders reflect a decline, especially for an extended period of time, it can lead to a recession and worse, to an economic depression. 3. Control of prices and wagesPrice controls happened once during the term of former U.S. President Richard Nixon when prices kept going higher. Also, when wages are controlled by the government and companies are not allowed to lower them, businesses may be forced to lay off employees to survive. 4. DeflationDeflation is basically the lowering of consumer prices over time. It may seem like a good thing because people can now afford to buy more commodities but underneath it is the fact that prices are lowered because of a decline in demand, too. 5. Oil price hikesHow oil price hikes can cause a ripple effect on almost everything in the market is common knowledge. When it happens, consumers lose their purchasing power, which can lead to a decline in demand. 6. Loss of consumer confidenceWhen consumers are no longer confident in the economy, they will alter their spending habits and eventually reduce the demand for goods and services. Signs of an Upcoming Economic DepressionBefore an economic depression happens, there are things that people should take notice of in order to be able to prepare for one. They include the following: 1. Worsening unemployment rateA worsening unemployment rate is usually a common sign of an impending economic depression. With high jobless numbers, consumers will lose their purchasing power and eventually lower demand. 2. Rising inflationInflation can be a good sign that demand is higher due to wage growth and a sturdy workforce. However, too much inflation will discourage people from spending, and it can result in a lowered demand for products and services. 3. Declining property salesIn an ideal economic situation, consumer spending is usually high, including the sale of homes. But when there is an impending economic depression, the sale of homes goes down, signaling falling confidence in the economy. 4. Increasing credit card debt defaultsWhen credit card usage is high, it is usually a sign that people are spending, which is good for the GDP. However, when debt defaults rise, it could mean that people are losing their ability to pay, which signals an economic depression. Ways to Prevent Another Economic DepressionThere is always that constant fear of another ‘Great Depression’ happening, which is why economists suggest the following policies to keep it from happening. 1. Expansionary monetary policyAn expansionary monetary policy involves cutting interest rates to encourage investment and borrowing. When interest rates are lower, consumers will enjoy more value for their money and will be encouraged to spend more. 2. Expansionary fiscal policyAn expansionary fiscal policy means increasing government spending, reducing taxes, or a combination of both. Tax reduction gives consumers disposable income which, in turn, encourages spending. 3. Financial stabilityFinancial stability involves the government guaranteeing bank deposits, which promotes the credibility of banks. Final ThoughtsA widespread economic depression is something that the world’s kept at bay for decades. However, there is always the chance for it to occur again if not all sectors of the economy work together to prevent it. More ResourcesThank you for reading CFI’s guide to Economic Depression. To keep learning and advancing your career, the following CFI resources will be helpful:
What were the causes of the Great Depression and its effects on the economy?It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and employment as failing companies laid off workers.
What were the weaknesses in the US economy in 1929?By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the stock market crash of 1929 were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated.
What were 3 economic effects of the Great Depression?The U.S. economy shrank by a third from the beginning of the Great Depression to the bottom four years later. Real GDP fell 29% from 1929 to 1933. The unemployment rate reached a peak of 25% in 1933. Consumer prices fell 25%; wholesale prices plummeted 32%.
What were 2 major problems of the Great Depression?In the United States, where the effects of the depression were generally worst, between 1929 and 1933 industrial production fell nearly 47 percent, gross domestic product (GDP) declined by 30 percent, and unemployment reached more than 20 percent.
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