Knowing how to do something, like drive a car or play a sport, is referred to as Show
b. behavioral knowledge c. procedural knowledge d. implicit knowledge All of the following are examples of habituation, EXCEPT:
b. Jerome's rate of sucking on his pacifier decreases the more he familiarizes himself with his mother's voice. c. Latoya's last boyfriend was emotionally abusive and now she has more trouble trusting possible new mates. d. Nikki's cat has become so lazy that his play reactions to string quickly fade after a minute or so. Because of this learning mechanism, your sensitivity to pain generally increases the longer the pain continues, both in the affected area of your body and in surrounding areas.
b. habituation c. conditioning d. latent learning In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus can only be associated with the unconditioned stimulus if
b. the neutral stimulus is sufficiently intense c. the other stimulus produces an intense response d. the other stimulus is particularly noxious When a dog has food placed in its mouth, the dog begins to salivate. The salivation behavior is called the
b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response The stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and then associated with it is called the
b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response A light can be an unconditioned stimulus in a secondary conditioning experiment, if
b. the light is paired with food c. the light is paired with another neutral stimulus d. the light follows presentation of an unconditioned stimulus Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug. In classical conditioning, this is called
b. generalization c. discrimination d. spontaneous recovery If your professor ended certain class days by sounding a bullhorn and then offering sweet-smelling cookies to the class, you would start to salivate to the sound of the bullhorn. If, on other days, your professor ended class by ringing a hand bell, and not offering cookies, you would not salivate to the sound of the hand bell. The aspect of classical conditioning responsible for that phenomenon is
b. generalization c. spontaneous recovery d. renewal All of the following statements about Watson and Rayner's (1920) “Little Albert” experiment are true, EXCEPT:
b. The methods used in the experiment were unethical, casual, and haphazard. c. Watson and Rayner planned to recondition Albert away from the conditioned fear of rats. d. The study was never successfully replicated with another infant. This concept states that any neutral stimulus can be associated just as easily with one unconditioned stimulus as with any other.
b. generalization c. instinctive drift d. latent learning Which of the following best captures the essence of the law of effect?
b. The presence of an aversive stimulus increases the arousal of an organism's response. c. The effect of behavior is to cause reward. d. The likelihood of a behavior is strengthened by all consequences, negative or positive. The “positive” and “negative” terms applied to reinforcement and punishment refer to
b. whether something is added or removed as a consequence c. whether a consequence adds or subtracts from behavior d. whether a consequence is concrete or abstract When the frequency or probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the addition or presentation of something following the performance of the behavior, it is called
b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment In an attempt to get his class to quiet down more quickly, Dr. Johnson continuously sounds a very loud bullhorn until the class stops talking. This is an example of
b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment Among other things, food, water, and sex have been found to be the best
b. primary reinforcers c. operant reinforcers d. secondary reinforcers Slot-machine players do not typically pause for rest following reinforcement, but rather, they continue to respond at high rates to reach the next pay-off. The schedule of reinforcement in effect here is
b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio Many operant conditioning programs set up in substance abuse treatment facilities, which work by reinforcing desired behaviors with prizes, chances to win prizes, or tokens that may be redeemed for various privileges, use this technique.
b. behavioral analysis c. contingency management d. progressive shaping This schedule of reinforcement, sometimes reinforcing hunting strategies in animals, and shopping strategies in humans, generally produces the lowest rate of responding because reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.
b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio If a behavior, like playing a slot machine, is continuously reinforced, the behavior is initially strong but
b. is extinguished soon after the slot machine ceases delivering rewards c. is more likely to occur in a different context from the casino d. lingers longer than a partially reinforced behavior Tolman's research on latent learning focused on distinguishing between learning and
b. aptitude c. intelligence d. performance In the Tolman and Hoznik (1930) experiment on latent learning, the group of rats that were reinforced only after several days of navigating the maze without reinforcement showed a(n)
b. increase in the rate of errors compared with the other groups c. reduction in the speed at which they reached the goal box compared with other groups d. reduction in the rate of errors across subsequent trials compared to other groups According to a study by Breland and Breland (1961), it was no trouble to condition a raccoon to slip coins into the slot on a laboratory “piggy bank.” However, the raccoon would not let the coins go, but dipped them in and out of the slot, and rubbed them together in his paws. This was because
b. the procedure used a continuous reinforcement contingency c. the raccoon's saving behavior had not been properly shaped d. the raccoon had come to associate the coins with receiving food and was treating the coins as food In the original version of Bandura's experiment, preschoolers were left in the company of an adult model who would either punch and kick an inflatable clown doll (“Bobo”)—the kind with a rounded, weighted base that springs back up when knocked down—or, in the control conditions, the adult would
b. do nothing to the doll c. physically throw the doll d. play a violent TV program for the doll Which of the following does NOT describe one of the four stages in the process of vicarious conditioning?
b. One must retain a memory of the observed behavior. c. One must be motivated to perform the observed behavior. d. One must have been previously conditioned to seek rewarding consequences for acting aggressively. What happens when a conditioned reinforcer is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?Extinction (in classical conditioning) Reduction of a learned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
When the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus?Extinction refers to the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
When a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?Phase 2: During Conditioning
During the second phase of the classical conditioning process, the previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. As a result of this pairing, an association between the previously neutral stimulus and the UCS is formed.
What happens when you pair a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned reflex?The classical conditioning process is all about pairing a previously neutral stimulus with another stimulus that naturally produces a response. After pairing the presentation of these two together enough times, an association is formed. The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own.
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