____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.
Developing the project charter
The outputs of which process include approved and rejected change requests, approved corrective andpreventive actions, approved and validated defect repair, deliverables, and updates to the project managementplan and project scope statement?
Perform integrated change control
____ analysis is used to aid in strategic planning.
“SWOT”
In which Information Technology Planning Stage do organizations document key business processes that couldbenefit from information technology?
b. Business Area Analysis
One method for selecting projects based on ____ is to determine whether they first meet three important criteria: need, funding, and will.
broad organizational needs
____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.
Directives
____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
Net present value
The ____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment
required rate of return
A(n) ____ is a methodology that converts an organization’s value drivers, such as customer service, innovation,operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics.
balanced scorecard
A(n) ____ is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project’s objectives and management.
project charter
A(n) ____ is a document that
describes the products or services to be created by the project team.
statement of work
A(n) ____ is a document used to develop and confirm a common understanding of the project scope.
scope statement
A(n) ____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project’s execution and control.
project management plan
Which section of the project plan
should describe the major project functions and activities and identify thoseindividuals who are responsible for them?
Project responsibilities
Which section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes?
Project controls
Which section of the project management plan might include a Gantt chart?
Project schedule information
The majority of
time on a project is usually spent on ____, as is most of the project’s budget.
execution
____ should result in improvements in project performance.
Corrective actions
____ provide information on how project execution is going.
Performance reports
A(n) ____ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may bechanged.
change control system
A(n) ____ is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes to a project.
CCB
Project sponsors are usually most interested in ____.
Final products, services, or results
____ means the project’s processes and products meet written specifications.
Conformance to requirements
The ____ ultimately decides if quality is acceptable.
customer
Quality ____ includes identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy thosestandards.
planning
____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function.
Functionality
____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.
Reliability
____ are the system’s special
characteristics that appeal to users.
Features
____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or productcharacteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.
Benchmarking
____determine(s) if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected.
Acceptance decisions
____
is action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications orother stakeholder expectations.
Rework
____ involves identifying the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system.
Pareto analysis
____ is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success.
Six Sigma
Six Sigma’s
target for perfection is the achievement of no more than ____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities.
3.4
Important tools used in the ____ phase of the DMAIC process include a project charter, a description ofcustomer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data.
define
A(n) ____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.
defect
A(n) ____ chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
control
The ____ rule states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are allincreasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for nonrandom problems.
seven run
A(n) ____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as
defect-free aspossible.
unit test
____ cost is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within anacceptable error range.
Appraisal
____ involves tracking team member performance, motivating team members, providing timely feedback,resolving issues and conflicts, and coordinating changes to help enhance project performance.
Managing the project team
Key outputs of the ____ process are project staff assignments, resource availability information, and updates tothe staffing management plan.
Acquiring the project team
____ is best known for developing a hierarchy of needs.
Abraham Maslow
____ is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Self-Actualization
____ is best known for distinguishing between motivational factors
and hygiene factors when considering motivation in work settings.
Frederick Herzberg
People with a high need for ____ desire harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel acceptedby others.
affiliation
According to Thamhain and Wilemon, ____ is the legitimate hierarchical right to issue orders.
authority
____ power involves using punishment, threats, or other negative
approaches to get people to do things they donot want to do.
Coercive
____ is the matching of certain behaviors of the other person.
Mirroring
____ managers fill in for project managers in their absence and assist them as needed.
Deputy project
What is the first step in the framework for defining and assigning work?
Finalizing the project requirements
A(n) ____ is a column chart that shows the number of resources assigned to a project over time.
resource histogram
Resource ____ refers to the amount of individual resources an existing schedule requires during specific timeperiods.
loading
Resource ____ is a technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying tasks.
leveling
In the Tuckman model, ____ occurs when the emphasis is on
reaching the team goals, rather than working onteam process.
performing
In the MBTI, the ____ dimension relates to the manner in which you gather information.
Sensation/Intuition
____ involves collecting and disseminating performance information, including status reports, progressmeasurement, and forecasting.
Performance reporting
The output of the ____ process is a communications
management plan.
Communications Planning
The project’s ____ is a starting point for identifying internal stakeholders.
organizational chart
Having ____ review and approve all stakeholder communications analysis will ensure that the information iscorrect and useful.
stakeholders
Information regarding the content of essential project communications comes from the ____.
WBS
The ____ serves as a good starting point for information distribution.
stakeholder communications analysis
Often, many non-technical professionals—from colleagues to managers—may prefer to ____ about projectinformation to try to find pertinent information.
have a two-way conversation
____ are often more effective than ____, particularly for sensitive information.
Short face-to-face meetings,
electronic communications
Many people cite research that says in a face-to-face interaction, ____ percent of communication is through body language.
58
Since information technology projects often require a lot of coordination, it is a good idea to have ____meetings.
short, frequent
As the number of people involved in a project ____, the complexity of communications ____.
increases,
increases
____ describe what the project team has accomplished during a certain period.
Progress reports
Many practitioners define project success as ____.
satisfying the customer/sponsor
Project sponsors can usually rank scope, time, and cost goals in order of importance in a(n) ____.
expectations management matrix
A(n) ____ is a matter under question or
dispute that could impede project success.
issue
____ issues cause the most conflicts over the project life cycle.
Schedule
When using the ____ mode, project managers directly face a conflict using a problem-solving approach thatallows affected parties to work through their disagreements.
confrontation
When using the ____ mode, project managers exert their viewpoint at the potential
expense of anotherviewpoint.
forcing
Research indicates that project managers favor using ____ for conflict resolution over the other four modes.
confrontation
A(n) ____ meeting is a meeting held at the beginning of a project or project phase where all major projectstakeholders discuss project objectives, plans, and so on.
kickoff
“Many meetings are most effective with the minimum number
of participants possible.” Which guideline tohelp improve time spent at meetings does this statement relate to?
Determine who should attend the meeting
“Designate someone to take minutes and send the minutes out soon after the meeting.” Which guideline to helpimprove time spent at meetings does this statement relate to?
Run the meeting professionally
A communications ____ is a set of tools, techniques, and principles that
provides a foundation for the effectivetransfer of information among people.
infrastructure
Project ____ are a complete set of organized project records that provide an accurate history of the project.
archives
Those who are ____ have a higher tolerance for risk, and their satisfaction increases when more payoff is atstake.
risk-seeking
____ involves determining which risks are likely to
affect a project and documenting the characteristics of each.
Risk management planning
____ involves numerically estimating the effects of risks on project objectives.
Quantitative risk analysis
____ are developed for risks that have a high impact on meeting project objectives, and are put into effect ifattempts to reduce the risk are not effective.
Fallback plans
“If the information
technology project is to produce a new product or service, will it be useful to theorganization or marketable to others?” Which risk category does this question apply to?
Market risk
In a risk breakdown structure, competitors, suppliers, and cash flow fall under the ____ risk category.
business
Poor conflict management, poor project organization and definition of responsibilities, and absence ofleadership are risk conditions
associated with which project management knowledge area?
Human Resources
____ is a fact-finding technique for collecting information in face-to-face, phone, e-mail, or instant-messagingdiscussions.
Interviewing
A project manager can chart the probability and impact of risks on a(n) ____.
probability/impact matrix
A(n) ____ is a diagramming analysis technique used to help select the best
course of action in situations inwhich future outcomes are uncertain.
decision tree
____ involves eliminating a specific threat, usually by eliminating its causes.
Risk avoidance
____ involves doing whatever you can to make sure the positive risk happens.
Risk exploitation
____ risks are a direct result of implementing a risk response.
Secondary
“Outsourcing suppliers are often able to use economies of scale that may not be available to the client alone,especially for hardware and software.” Which benefit of outsourcing does this statement refer to?
Reduce both fixed and recurrent costs
“Most organizations are not in business to provide information technology services, yet many have spentvaluable time and resources on information technology functions when they should have focused on corecompetencies
such as marketing, customer service, and new product design.” Which benefit of outsourcing doesthis statement refer to?
Allow the client organization to focus on its core business
“Outsourcing to provide extra staff during periods of peak workloads can be much more economical than tryingto staff entire projects with internal resources.” Which benefit of outsourcing does this statement refer to?
Provide flexibility
____
involves describing requirements for the products or services desired from the procurement andidentifying potential sources or sellers.
Planning contracting
____ involves managing the relationship with the selected seller.
Administering the contract
The procurement management plan, contract statement of work, make-or-buy decisions, and projectmanagement plan are all important inputs for the ____ process.
Planning
contracting
____ change orders are oral or written acts or omissions by someone with actual or apparent authority that canbe construed to have the same effect as a written change order.
Constructive
Which process involves selecting information technology projects and assigning resources? NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects.
