What is the difference between preoperational and concrete operational stage?

LECTURE 10

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):

Child has language
Develops ability to use symbols (such as words) and to treat objects as symbolic of things other than themselves
Ability to use symbolic representations is the greatest cognitive strength of preoperational stage children

Symbolic Capacity:

Ability to use one thing to represent something else, including:
Actions
Mental Images
Objects
Words

Symbolic Play:

Also called pretend play
Capacity to adopt roles other than that of the self

Children Who Engage in Lots of Pretend Play:

Are more popular
Are better perspective-takers and more empathetic
Are generally more socially mature
Perform better on tests of Piagetian cognitive development, language skills, and creativity

Contrasting Stages:

Preoperational stage

(2-7 years) contrasted with

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Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):
Symbolic Capacity:
Symbolic Play:
Children Who Engage in Lots of Pretend Play:
Contrasting Stages:
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational:
Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):
Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):
Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):
Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):
Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):
Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)
Formal Thought is Made More Likely By:
Beyond Formal Operations:
Factors that constitute post-formal thought:
Conceptions of Death:
Conceptions of Death (Cont):
The Information Processing View:
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Vygotsky):
What is difference between concrete operational stage?
What is the concrete operational stage?
What is the concrete operational stage examples?
What are the main differences between Piaget's sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage?

Concrete operational stage

(7-11 years)

Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational:

Thinkingat thepreoperational stage is egocentric

Egocentrism: tendency to view world from one's own perspective while failing to recognize that others may have different points of view

What develops in concrete operational stage?

Perspective-taking: ability to know what another person sees, feels, or knows

Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):

Thinking at the preoperational stage centers on the dominant perceptual characteristic

Centration: tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation or problem when two or more aspects or dimensions are relevant

What develops in concrete operational stage?

Decentration: ability to focus on two or more aspects or dimensions of a situation or problem at one time

Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):

Thinking at the preoperational stage fails to conserve
What develops in concrete operational stage?

Conservation : recognition that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way

Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):

Thinking at the preoperational stage is nonreversible
What develops in concrete operational stage?

Reversibility : ability to reverse or negate an action by mentally performing opposite action

Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):

Thinking at the preoperational stage cannot reason simultaneously about part of the whole and the whole
What develops in concrete operational stage?

Class Inclusion: logical understanding that parts or subclasses are included in the whole class & that the whole is greater than any of its parts

Preoperational vs. Concrete Operational (Cont):

Thinking at the preoperational stage fails to seriate
What develops in concrete operational stage?

Seriation: logical operation that allows one to mentally order a set of stimuli along a quantifiable dimension, such as height or weight

Transitivity: ability to recognize the necessary or logical relations among elements in a serial order (EX: if A > B, & B > C, then A must be > C)

Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)

Abstract thought
Systematic problem-solving
Hypothetical-deductive logic
Separation and control of variables
Metaphoric thinking

Formal Thought is Made More Likely By:

Intelligence
Training in scientific reasoning
Expertise in a domain of knowledge

Beyond Formal Operations:

Factors that constitute post-formal thought:

Dialectical thinking
Relativism
Systems thinking

Conceptions of Death:

In our culture, "mature" conceptions of death include notions of finality, irreversibility, universality, and biological causality

Understandings of death vary as a function of cognitive development

Conceptions of Death (Cont):

Infants at least 6 mos old who lose an attachment figure will become depressed
Preschool children think of death as a lessening (rather than cessation) of life processes
Children aged 5-7 make considerable progress in acquiring a mature concept of death

The Information Processing View:

Older children have a larger short-term (working) memory available for use than younger children
Revision of Piaget: Preoperational children center, not because they lack certain cognitive structures
They center because they don't have enough short-term, i.e., working, memory capacity to keep both pieces of information in mind at the same time

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Vygotsky):

The difference between what a learner can accomplish independently & what he/she can accomplish with the guidance & encouragement of a skilled partner

People learn best in the ZPD: it is the zone where sensitive instruction should be aimed

END

Your Notes

What is difference between concrete operational stage?

The key difference between the concrete operational child and the formal operational child is the ability to perform mental operations that don't relate to the here and now. That is, mental operations don't have to be centered around concrete objects or events but can concentrate on the abstract or the hypothetical.

What is the concrete operational stage?

The concrete-operational stage depicts an important step in the cognitive development of children (Piaget, 1947). According to Piaget, thinking in this stage is characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning.

What is the concrete operational stage examples?

The concrete operational child is able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world. For example, the child can understand principles of cause and effect, size, and distance.

What are the main differences between Piaget's sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage?

At the end of the sensorimotor stage, children start to use mental abstractions. At the age of two, children enter the preoperational stage, where their ability to use mental representations, rather than the physical appearance of objects or people, improves greatly.