Soviet Union in World War IIChris Bellamy LAST REVIEWED: 28 September 2020LAST MODIFIED: 26 June 2012DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0077IntroductionThe Soviet Union in World War II is the story of several wars. When World War II started, the Soviet Union was effectively an ally of Nazi Germany in a relatively conventional European interstate war. Although the Germans did most of the fighting in Poland, the Soviet Union occupied the eastern part. Until 22 June 1941, when Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet Union provided Nazi Germany with large quantities of strategic raw materials. Furthermore, the Soviet Union gave Germany access to the Far East, and especially rubber, which was brought through Siberia. During this time it also fought the 1939–1940 “Winter War” with Finland and, in 1940, occupied Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and what is now Moldova. However, the Soviet Union expected more technological aid from Germany than it was prepared to give. Hitler determined to conquer the country, in part, to seize its natural resources. The second war did not involve the Soviet Union and was about control of the Mediterranean. The third war, arguably the largest single component of World War II, began on 22 June 1941, when the Germans attacked the Soviet Union. Overnight, the Soviet Union became an ally of Britain and a recipient of Lend-Lease aid from the United States. That war, the “War on the Eastern Front,” is known in the Soviet Union and Russia as Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna—the “Great Patriotic War.” It lasted for 1,418 days, and between twenty-six and twenty-seven million Soviet people, mostly civilians, died. Even after the Western Allies got ashore in Europe, the Soviet Union was still engaging the majority of German forces. Final Soviet battlefield losses were 8.7 million. After the defeat of Germany, the Soviet Union entered the Pacific War, which had begun with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. On 9 August 1945 the Soviet Union attacked the Japanese Army in Manchuria, which capitulated eight days later. The Soviet effort, and particularly the dramatic reversal of fortunes that occurred in 1942 and 1943, turned a “pariah state” experimenting with a new economic and political system into the successful exponent of the same, and into a space-bound superpower with the revived trappings of its imperial past. The Soviet nuclear program, for example, began in 1942. The decisive contribution of its armed forces to the overall Allied victory was underrated in the West during the Cold War. However, the process of reconciliation that began in the 1980s and the breakup of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 changed that. Show
General Overviews in EnglishErickson 1975 and Erickson 1983 will remain the definitive work in English and probably any language on the type of war the Soviet Union and Germany waged and how it was won, although it is not always an easy read. Bellamy 2007 and Mawdsley 2005 are newer one-volume histories, incorporating the new material that became available from the 1980s and addressing the new debates and issues they opened up. Ziemke’s two volumes (Ziemke 1987a, Ziemke 1987b) follow the same roadmap as Erickson’s work and form a more straightforward military history with excellent maps. Both Bellamy and Mawdsley rely heavily on Krivosheyev 1997 (see also General Overviews in Russian). Boog 1996 and Boog 2001 are outstanding new additions from the German viewpoint.
back to top Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login. How to SubscribeOxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. Why did Soviet Union became a great power after the Second World War?They had an effective transportation system that connected their remotest areas, had a vast number of natural resources and a domestic consumer industry that produced everything, from needle pins to cars. The USSR was one of the big boys that played a vital role in the Second World War.....
How strong was the Soviet Union after WW2?By the end of World War II, the Soviet Union had a standing army of 10 to 13 million men. During and right after the war, the Red Army was by far the most powerful land army in the world.
How did the Soviet Union rebuild after World War 2?To help rebuild the country, the Soviet government obtained limited credits from Britain and Sweden; it refused assistance offered by the United States under the Marshall Plan. Instead, the Soviet Union coerced Soviet-occupied Central and Eastern Europe to supply machinery and raw materials.
When did Soviet Union become a great power?Joseph Stalin
The dictator ruled by terror with a series of brutal policies, which left millions of his own citizens dead. During his reign—which lasted until his death in 1953—Stalin transformed the Soviet Union from an agrarian society to an industrial and military superpower.
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