What refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events?

1. The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing

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   • Is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them?
   • Which of the following refers to the scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require?
   • Which problem solving strategy is characterized by shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer?
   • Do useful character of language in the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is verbalized is known as?

   Cognition

2. Involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

   Thinking

3. mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

   Concepts

4. First, concepts allow us to _____; without them, each object and event in our world would be unique and brand new to us each time.

   Generalize

5. Second, concepts allow us to ______ / compare experiences and objects.

   Associate

6. Concepts aid _____ by making it more efficient so that we do not have to reinvent the wheel each time

   Memory

7. Concepts provide ______ about how to react to a particular object or experience.

   Clues

8. The ________ model emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in

   • that category and look for a “family resemblance” with that item's properties.
   • Prototypes

9. ___________ means finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available

   Problem solving

10. _________ involves setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution.

    Subgoaling

11. ________ are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem

    Algorithms

12. ___________ come in different forms, such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions

    Algorithms

13. ____________ are such shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer

    Heuristics

14. In the real world, we are more likely to solve the types of problems we face by ______ than by _____.

    heuristics than by algorithms

15. Heuristics help us to narrow down the possible__________ and to find one that works.

    solutions

16. ____________ involves using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective

    Fixation

17. ________________occurs when individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a thing's usual functions

    Functional fixedness

18. _______________ is the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions.

    Reasoning

19. __________________ involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

    Inductive reasoning

20. A great deal of_________________ is the product of inductive reasoning

    scientific knowledge

21. ____________ is reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance

    deductive reasoning

22. __________________ involves evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.

    Decision making

23. _________ bias is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them

    Confirmation

24. __________ bias is our tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome.

    Hindsight

25. ________ heuristic refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events

    Availability

26. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid

    Base rate fallacy

27. The_____________ heuristic is to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the stereotype of a group instead of available base rate

    representativeness

28. ______________ means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence

    Critical thinking

29. being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

    Mindfulness

30. being receptive to other ways of looking at things

    Open-mindedness

    • a characteristic of a person, the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
    • Creativity

31. produces many solutions to the same problem.

    Divergent thinking

32. produces the single best solution to a problem

    Convergent thinking

33. True or false: creative thinkers do mostly divergent thinking
    

    False: both

34. when a group of people openly throw out a range of possible solutions to a problem, even some that might seem crazy

    Brainstorming

35. ____ thinking occurs doing brainstorming

    Divergent thinking

36. ________ moods are associated with narrow, analytical thinking

    Negative

Is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them?

Which of the following refers to the scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require?

Which problem solving strategy is characterized by shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer?

Do useful character of language in the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is verbalized is known as?