- Introduction
- Paleolithic settlement
- Upper Paleolithic developments
- The Neolithic Period
- The late Neolithic Period
- Agricultural intensification
- The chronology of the Metal Ages
- Social and economic developments
- Changing centres of wealth
- The
relationship between nature and culture
- Rituals, religion, and art
- The people of the Metal Ages
- Barbarian
migrations and invasions
- The reconfiguration of the empire
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- The idea of the Middle Ages
- The term and concept before the 18th century
- Enlightenment scorn and Romantic admiration
- The Middle Ages in modern historiography
- Late antiquity: the reconfiguration of the Roman world
- The organization of late imperial Christianity
- The Mediterranean world
divided
- The Frankish ascendancy
- Charlemagne and the Carolingian dynasty
- Carolingian decline and its consequences
- Growth and innovation
- Demographic and agricultural growth
- Technological
innovations
- The consequences of reform
- The transformation of thought and learning
- The structure of ecclesiastical and devotional life
- Ecclesiastical organization
- From persuasion to coercion: The emergence of a new ecclesiastical discipline
- Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies
- The office and person of the king
- Instruments of royal governance
- Crisis, recovery, and resilience: Did the Middle Ages end?
- The northern Renaissance
- Political, economic, and social background
- The growth of vernacular literature
- Renaissance science and technology
- Economy and society
- Trade and the “Atlantic revolution”
- Growth of banking and finance
- Political and cultural influences on the economy
- Aspects of early modern society
- Politics and diplomacy
- The state of European politics
- Discovery of the New World
- Nation-states and dynastic rivalries
- Turkey and eastern Europe
- Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- Diplomacy in the age of the Reformation
- The Thirty Years’ War
- The crisis in the Habsburg lands
- The triumph of the Catholics, 1619–29
- The crisis of the war, 1629–35
- The European war in Germany, 1635–45
- Problems not solved by the war
- Problems solved by
the war
- The organization of
society
- The economic environment
- Innovation and development
- Absolutism
- Major forms of absolutism
- Variations on the absolutist theme
- The Enlightenment
- Sources of Enlightenment thought
- The role of science and mathematics
- History and social thought
- The language
of the Enlightenment
- Rousseau and his followers
- The Enlightenment throughout
Europe
- The Industrial Revolution
- The age of revolution
- The conservative reaction
- Romanticism and Realism
- The legacy of the
French Revolution
- General character of the Romantic movement
- Romanticism in literature and the arts
- Sculpture and architecture
- Early
19th-century social and political thought
- Postrevolutionary thinking
- The principle of evolution
- Early 19th-century philosophy
- Religion and its alternatives
- Realism in the arts and philosophy
- A maturing industrial society
- The “second industrial revolution”
- Modifications in social structure
- The rise of organized labour and mass protests
- Conditions in eastern Europe
- The emergence of the industrial state
- Changes in government functions
- Reform and reaction in eastern Europe
- The scramble for colonies
- Modern culture
- Symbolism and Impressionism
- The new century
- New trends in technology and science
- Reexamination of the universe
- The Great War and its aftermath
- The interwar years
- The trappings of dictatorship
- The blast of World War
II
- Postwar Europe
- The United States to the rescue
- Affluence and its
underside
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- Additional Reading
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Contributors
- Article History
What was the development of the 19th century?
The 19th century was a revolutionary period for European history and a time of great transformation in all spheres of life. Human and civil rights, democracy and nationalism, industrialisation and free market systems, all ushered in a period of change and chance.
What are some developments in the late 19th century?
The late 19th-century United States is probably best known for the vast expansion of its industrial plant and output. At the heart of these huge increases was the mass production of goods by machines. This process was first introduced and perfected by British textile manufacturers.
What was the biggest event of the 19th century?
1. The Napoleonic Wars (1802-1815) Napoleon Crossing the Alps. Following the Revolutionary Wars in France, with Napoleon positioning himself as Emperor of the French Empire, over a decade of war in Europe followed, as nervous neighbors hoped to dethrone the General.
What was the major development in terms of culture during the 19th century?
An Era of Change
The late nineteenth century was a time known for developments in the arts, recreation, education, and technology. It was also an era that saw the emergence of new justifications for racism and fear of other cultures. Reforms were introduced in some areas of society while injustices persisted in others.
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