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Terms in this set (138)What is the relationship between different approaches to studying personality psychology? They complement one another Which of the following processes are a part of the psychological triad? Behavior, thoughts, and feelings Funder's First Law states that great strengths are____ great weaknesses, and surprisingly, the opposite is often ______ usually, true as well According to the text, which of the following accurately explain why personality psychologists have focused on developing distinct theories instead of One Big Theory (OBT) when trying to explain the whole person? -Each distinct theory offers a different perspective on personality. Dr. Lane is interested in understanding leadership styles in different countries. She is following a ____ pproach to personality psychology because she is interested in how the ____ experience of individuals might differ across cultures. phenomenological, conscious Understanding inconsistencies between ____ is the central mission of personality psychology. thoughts, feelings, and behavior One of the most important reasons why developing One Big Theory is not completely useful for studying personality is that a big theory that tries to explain ____ extremely well will likely not explain ____ particularly well. everything, specific theories Josh is interested in understanding how personality impacts romantic relationships over the course of one's life. He is therefore interested in the consequences of ___ and how they ___ over time. individual differences, change
A psychologist who is interested in understanding the workings of the unconscious mind and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict would most likely follow what basic approach? psychoanalytic approach Personality psychology can be organized into ____ basic approaches. 5 What is one of personality psychology's greatest advantages over other areas of psychology? Personality psychology appreciates the uniqueness of the individual. Select the true statement about the three parts of the psychological triad. They are not always consistent at all times. Personality psychology has the largest overlap with clinical psychology When patterns of personality are extreme and unusual, the pursuit to understanding people becomes the study of psychological disorders When personality psychology tries to understand occupational success and leadership, it has close ties to organizational psychology How people feel, think, and behave are parts of what? the psychological triad Each approach to personality psychology focuses on what it can explain well and ignores what it cannot explain. For example, behaviorism is good at changing _____ because it ignores ____. behavior, free will Which of the following topics in personality psychology are also topics considered by the modern forms of humanistic psychology, such as "positive psychology"? mindfulness, virtue, happiness A psychologist who is concerned primarily with a person's conscious experiences follows the ___ approach(es). phenomenological Although personality psychology often ____ people, it leads the field of psychology in appreciating the ways individuals are ____. categorizes, different humanism phenomenological approach behaviorism learning and cognitive approaches genetics biological approach What does Funder mean when he says that personality is coherent? each aspect of one's personality depends on the other aspects. Which of the following are considered basic approaches in psychology? -learning and cognitive approaches Different theories or basic approaches in personality psychology address the conceptualization of personality to varying degrees of comprehensiveness. In other words, certain theories or approaches are better at explaining all aspects of individuals than others. -one big theory Personality psychology emphasizes individual differences. How does this focus serve as one of the discipline's strengths? It leads personality psychologists to be extremely sensitive to the fact that people really are different from one another. It is ____ to understand everything about a person at once. Personality psychologists use a ____ approach to organize certain kinds of observations and patterns, and ways of thinking about these patterns. The most widely used example of this approach is the ____ approach, which focuses on the ways in which people differ psychologically and how these differences might be conceptualized. impossible, basic, trait Dr. Webb is interested in studying what evolved psychological processes influence the choices men and women make during the dating process. What basic approach to personality psychology will she use in her research? biological approach How does internal conflict impact one's behavior? psychoanalytic approach How do people from different cultures differ in how they approach conflict resolution in the workplace? phenomenological approach How do situational rewards and incentives impact our decisions? learning and cognitive approaches How heritable is extraversion? biological approach What characteristics of individuals predict longevity? Trait approach The learning and cognitive approach to personality psychology focuses on which of the following focal topics? -behaviorism What is another commonly used term for a "basic approach?" paradigm A researcher who is interested in applying the trait approach to study personality would utilize which of the following? -personality change A systematic, self-imposed limitation of observations, patterns, and ways of thinking about these patterns is called what? the basic approach Which of the following approaches to studying personality psychology would One Big Theory include in its explanation of human psychology? -phenomenological approach What could be considered a positive characteristic of a narcissistic individual? persuasiveness A therapist is helping her patient figure out why she keeps having the same dream about a family vacation she had 10 years ago. psychoanalytic approach A manager is interested in choosing the best employee among a large group of applicants. trait approach A man is trying to teach his dog how to sit and rollover, so he gives his dog a treat every time he is successful. learning and cognitive approaches A recent college graduate is considering his future career options and wondering which path will make him the happiest. phenomenological approach A researcher who is interested in studying the ways in which children learn the difference between right and wrong would use which of the following approaches or focal topics? -learning and cognitive approaches What approach to psychology comprises behaviorism, social learning theory, and cognitive personality? learning and cognitive approaches Why is the trait approach considered to be the largest and most dominant approach in contemporary psychology? It helps organize the other approaches because individual differences are the basis for each of the other basic approaches Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ___ , whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ____. different from one another, the same Which of the following statements support the idea that traits can be either strengths or weaknesses within an individual? -Mrs. Evans is a high school teacher who pushes her students hard to succeed. Some students appreciate this teaching style and have described her as passionate and generous, whereas students who don't appreciate her style describe her as rigid and quick tempered. -U.S. presidents who are considered stubborn might also be thought of as being dedicated to important principles. behaviorism; social learning theory; cognitive personality psychology learning and cognitive approach anatomy, physiology, genetics, evolution biological approach unconscious mind; internal mental conflict psychoanalytic approach conceptualization, measurement, and consequences of individual differences; personality development and change trait approach conscious awareness and experience; free will; humanistic psychology; cross-cultural psychology phenomenological approach What do the trait, behaviorist, and psychoanalytic approaches have in common? They all address different sets of questions about human psychology The trait approach to personality psychology best describes what situation? a psychologist focusing on ways that people differ from one another in behavior and disposition, and how these differences might be measured What is the best argument for why narcissism is not always considered a negative trait? Narcissists are highly persuasive and often make competent leaders. B.F. Skinner Behaviorism Sigmund Freud psychoanalytic approach What is one disadvantage of creating One Big Theory of personality psychology? It would explain some parts of behavior well and other parts not as well. One critique of personality psychology is that it "pigeonholes" people. What does "pigeonholing" mean? categorizing and labeling people Certain fields of psychology are more or less conceptually related to personality psychology. Place the fields of psychology in order from most to least related to personality psychology. -clinical psychology How do clinical psychology and personality psychology overlap? Clinical and personality psychology share a common responsibility to understand every feature of an individual, not just single aspects of them. This design will be used by a psychologist writing a book about the personalities of each American president based on available biographical data. case method This design uses a long-running questionnaire of hospital nurses to determine whether informant ratings of sociability can predict the number of hospital visitors. correlational This design evaluates the extent to which participants will continue to cooperate in a team setting after reading faked biographical information about teammates who are assigned to them in a lab. experimental Which of the following are not advantages of self-report data? -It is expensive. What is the biggest disadvantage of L data? It is extremely difficult to establish connections between personality and life outcomes because life outcomes can have so many causes. The goal of ___ training is to help future ___ contribute new knowledge to the field. This differs from the goal of training for ___, which is to help future doctors apply what is already known. scientific, researchers, physicians Of the four types of data, which one calls for individuals to directly answer questions about themselves or other people? informants' reports and self reports Match each item to either advantages or disadvantages of B data (behavioral observations). Advantages: - wide range of contexts Disadvantages: -difficult and expensive Identify the following concepts as either factors that undermine reliability or techniques that improve it. Improves Reliability: Undermines Reliability: Because any piece of L data can have many different causes, it is extremely difficult to directly connect life outcomes with specific personality traits. This key disadvantage to L data is referred to as what? multi- determination Which of the following are disadvantages of informants' report data? -The data are prone to bias. Which term applies to how individuals affect the world around them? "residue" of personality The distinction between reliability and validity is not always easy. To better distinguish between the two notions, we now tend to view them as aspects of a single broader concept called what? generalizability Match each item to either advantages or disadvantages of L data (life outcomes). Advantages: Disadvantages: According to the text, what is the central principle behind the use of S data? People are the best experts on their own opinions and behaviors. Each of the four sources of personality data provides distinct benefits and disadvantages to personality research. _____ ata is useful because it is intrinsically important and easily verified, though it can often be argued that these data are determined by factors unrelated to personality. ____ data have the appearance of objectivity and can be gathered across highly-diverse ranges of context but are not always easily interpreted. Although it is easy to collect large amounts of _____ data, especially when studying topics that are known only by the individuals being assessed, this type of data notoriously suffers from bias and error. Finally, ___ data uniquely benefits from "common sense" contextualization, definitional truth, and "real-world" relevance. That said, it also suffers from limited behavioral information and a lack of access to private experience. - life outcome To address concerns about poor reliability in her data, Maritza decides to write a ____ that will ensure more consistent data collection. Then she asks her research assistant to be more careful when collecting data and to watch out for ____ among participants' mood. standardized research protocol, variation Reliability -consistency across two measurements of the same construct Generalizability -diverse representativeness Validity -evidence that different constructs in real life also differ experimentally What is the definition of validity? The degree to which a measurement actually reflects what it is supposed to be measuring. face validity the degree to which a measurement appears to be effective measurement error the cumulative effect of extraneous influences on measurement Biased responding describing yourself as "better" or "worse" than others would describe you construct validity the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring Which of the following are explanations for why psychologists emphasize methods more than those working in other scientific fields (for example, physics or chemistry)? -An understanding of research methods is needed to evaluate previous psychological research. Correlational methods do all except what? show which variable caused the other The principle behind the Spearman-Brown formula in psychometrics states that because random errors tend to cancel one another out, the _____ errors your measurements have, ___ of them you need. more, more Funder's First Law Great strengths are usually great weaknesses, and surprisingly often the opposite is true as well. Funder's Second Law There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous. Funder's Third Law Something beats nothing, two times out of three. S data -bias L data -possible lack of psychological relevance I data -limited behavioral information
B data -difficult and expensive B data observing what the person does I data asking somebody who knows the person to describe them L data seeing how the person is doing in life S data asking the person directly about him or herself I data -gossip about your roommate B data -experience-sampling data S data -questionnaires about how you're feeling L-data -medical records The fact that women are more likely than men to sign up for a study affects the __________ of the study. generalizability Improves reliability -care with research procedure undermines reliability -state of the experimenter Which of the following are possible factors researchers evaluate when considering reliability? -the extent to which the experimenters collected the data in the same way across participants Which of the following methods would be useful for studying the effects of caffeine consumption on poker playing performance? -a lab-based study that measures the relationship between various doses of caffeine and performance at various intervals after the caffeine was consumed
What is not an advantage of the case study method? It is not controlled. Identify whether or not the following are examples of psychological constructs. - sociability When analyzing her data, Julia discovered that the average score of participants in her experiment was 34 on Monday, 54 on Tuesday, and 30 on Thursday. She calls her research _assistant in for a meeting to explain that variations in the ___ may be causing poor ____Press Space to openreliabilitystate of the participantvalidityenvironmentstate of the experimenter. The research assistant explains that he wasn't feeling well on Tuesday, and Julia begins to suspect that variations in the ___ may also have caused the problem. -environment Though many variables can be studied at once using the ____ method, this method is typically used to examine the effect of one variable on one other variable. The variable that is thought to be causal is manipulated in this method, whereas the same variable is measured without being manipulated in the ___method, which is typically used when researchers seek to study the associations among many variables as they realistically occur outside of a lab. -experimental What is the main difference between state and trait reliability? States lack consistency across time and situations, whereas traits produce reliable measures across time and situations. L data -intrinsic importance I data -real-world basis B data -appearance of objectivity S data -access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions To build a complete picture of an individual's personality, researchers must rely on the observable aspects, which are best characterized as ___ Press Space to opencluesany one sourcemultiple sourcesevidence. Because personality is difficult to observe, researchers must also rely upon data and gather information from ___ without placing too much emphasis on data from ___ -clues What type of data do experiments and personality tests such as the Rorschach test collect? B data Experimental and correlational methods both assess the relationship between variables. How are the two methods different? The variable is thought to be casual is manipulated in the experimental method, whereas it is measured without being manipulated in the correlational method. Reliability is important to successful research, but every measurement involves a certain amount of error. What list describes some factors that commonly undermine reliability? low precision, variation in the participant and environment, state of the experimenter. Personality psychology emphasizes individual differences. How does this focus serve as one of the discipline's strengths? It leads personality psychologist to be extremely sensitive to the fact that people really are different from one another What is an example of a construct? intelligence behavioral confirmation and the expectancy effect becoming what others expect you to be self-verification behaving in a way that encourages others to treat you as you see yourself Generalizability allows us to do what? apply our results to populations or situations outside of an experiment Which of the following are arguments against using personality tests? -They may discourage women or members of minority groups from joining certain fields. One influential study discussed in the text (Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011) manipulated a real dataset to show that listening to the Beatles song "When I'm 64" actually made participants younger. p-hacking A researcher shows you various cards with pictures on them and asks you to tell a story about the scene and people in the pictures. What kind of test is this? a projective personality test dentify whether or not the following tests are objective tests. -a Big Five personality test The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of what type of test? projective objective tests S data projective tests B data The factor analytic method of test construction is an example of a psychological tool based on what? statistics Dr. Rankin is conducting an experiment on the effect that feedback from an authority figure has on anxiety during a waiting period. She has collected the data and is now analyzing it. The _____ she calculates is the probability that she would have found her hypothesized result if the actual size of the difference were zero. The _____ she calculates is the magnitude, or size, of her findings. -p-level Students also viewedGeo Unit 272 terms jordan_marie42 SWK 223 Test 1 Review87 terms shannonrali Social / Emotional Assessment Exam 127 terms Nankim99 IP2 test 2157 terms Krthomas12PLUS Other sets by this creatorspan 2101 final grammar6 terms maddiehair23 psych 3081 final348 terms maddiehair23 spanish final oral13 terms maddiehair23 Licata Bio exam 397 terms maddiehair23 Recommended textbook solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Child2nd EditionGabriela Martorell 239 solutions Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience5th EditionE Bruce Goldstein 211 solutions
Essentials of Understanding Psychology14th EditionRobert S Feldman 329 solutions Which of the following is the focus of the psychoanalytic approach to personality psychology?In the psychoanalytic approach, the focus is on the unconscious mind rather than the conscious mind. It is built on the foundational idea that your behavior is determined by experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious mind.
What does the trait approach to personality psychology focus on quizlet?What is a Trait Theory of Personality? Focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
Who is associated with the trait approach to studying personality quizlet?*Allport believed that traits are the basic units of personality-according to him, traits actually exist and are based in the nervous system.
What is the primary goal of the trait approach in studying personality?In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion.
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