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PSYC208 - CHAPTER 7 - KOURTZ Terms in this set (92)______________ provides the basis for communication and is defined as the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols. language When Kevin added an "s" to the word dog to make it plural, he was using the smallest language unit that has meaning, or __________ . morphemes When Monica's two-month-old baby made cooing sounds, it was a type of prelinguistic communication known as ________ . babbling Studies have shown that language is acquired in a(n) ___________ manner in hearing and deaf individuals. ANALOGOUS/DEAF Most children at the age of 15 months have a vocabulary of about _____ words. ten words by 15 months By 18 months of age, a child's vocabulary increases significantly. What other major language development occurs about this time? putting individual words together into sentences @ 18 months Sara calls her juice cup "cuppie." When she got a new juice cup, she refused to call it "cuppie" because that referred to her original cup. This is an example of ________. underextension The different ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences is called ________ . syntax or combining words to form a sentence The typical six-year-old has a vocabulary of about _________ words. 14,000 @ age 6 elly knows that it is right to say "I am sitting" and NOT say, "I are sitting." This shows her understanding of _________ . grammar or knowing how to say words in right order Which of the following is an example of private speech? PRIVATE SPEECH NOT MEANT FOR OTHERS TO HERE. When she read the sentence out loud to the class, the teacher emphasized some words more than others. The teacher was using ________ to convey meaning. INTONATION OR EMPHASIZING WORDS During the experiment, the children were told they could have one marshmallow treat right away, or two treats if they waited. How did the four-year-olds in the group respond? They tended to look at the treats as they waited. A child who is deaf may cease using prelinguistic speech at around __________ of age because he cannot hear himself speaking. 6 MONTHS OLD DEAF CHILD USES PRELINGUISTIC SPEECH Researchers have developed _______ major approaches in regard to language acquisition. THREE The nativist approach of language development was brought to the forefront by _______ . CHOMSKY/NAVIST
APPROACH Currently, researchers have found that the claim regarding the Eskimo vocabulary made by Benjamin Lee Whorf was ___________ . GREATLY EXAGGERATED The view that thinking shapes language is consistent with __________ view of language development. PIAGET'S/LANGUAGE SHAPES THOUGHT Most developmentalists agree that by the time a child turns _____ , language and thinking work in tandem. 2 LANGUAGE & THINKING WORK TOGETHER Motherese is the term previously given to ___________ . infant-directed speech Which of the following is something a deaf mother would do when communicating with her infant through sign language? REPEAT THE SIGNS What was being analyzed in the landmark study of the language used over a 2-year period by a group of parents, developed by Betty Hart and Todd Risley? HART & RISLEY Carluccia started the school year in the ELL program. This means that she ____________ . ELL OR VERY LITTLE ENGLISH Tests have shown that a child raised in poverty tends to have lower IQ scores and perform less well in other cognitive measures. This is evidenced as early as age ______ . 5 he word "Ebonics" was declared a distinctive language in the __________ . 1990 EBONICS A LANGUAGE VOCABULARY SYSTEMATIC MEANINGFUL ARRANGEMENT OF SYMBOLS, WHICH PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR COMMUNICATION PRELINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION SOUNDS, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES, IMITATION & OTHE NON-LINGUISTIC MEANS BABBLING MAKING SPEECH LIKE BUT MEANINGLESS SOUNDS HOLOPHRASES ONE WORD UTTERANCES THAT DEPEND ON THE PARTICULAR CONTEXT IN WHICH THEY ARE USED TO DETERMINE MEANING TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH SPEECH IN WHICH WORDS NOT CRITICAL TO MESSAGE ARE LEFT OUT SYNTAX COMBINING WORDS & PHRASES TO FORM SENTENCE FAST
MAPPING PROCESS IN WHICH WORDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR MEANING AFTER ONLY A BRIEF ENCOUNTER GRAMMAR SYSTEM OF RULES THAT DETERMINE HOW OUR THOUGHTS CAN BE EXPRESSED PRAGMATICS RELATING TO COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVELY/APPROPRIATELY WITH OTHERS PRIVATE SPEECH SPOKEN LANGUAGE THAT IS NOT INTENDED FOR OTHERS, COMMONLY USED BY CHILDREN DURING PRESCHOOL METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS AN UNDERSTANDING OF ONE'S OWN USE OF LANGUAGE LEARNING THEORY
APPROACH THEORY THAT LANGUAGE ACQUISITION FOLLOWS THE BASIC LAWS OF REINFORCEMENT & CONDITIONING NATIVIST APPROACH THEORY THAT A GENETICALLY DETERMINED INNATE MECHANISM DIRECTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR UNDERLYING STRUCTURE SHARED BY ALL THE WORLD'S LANGUAGES ACCORDING TO CHOMSKY LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE [LAD] NEURAL SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN HYPOTHESIZED TO PERMIT UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE STRUCTURE FOR LEARNING THE PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF A LANGUAGE. LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS THEORY THAT LANGUAGE SHAPES & MAY DETERMINE THE WAY PEOPLE OF A GIVEN CULTURE PERCEIVE & UNDERSTAND THE WORLD INFANT DIRECTED SPEECH TYPE OF SPEECH DIRECTED TOWARD INFANTS THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY SHORT, SIMPLE SENTENCES. LOOKING BACK Infants use sounds, gestures and facial expressions to express thoughts. What is babbling? Babbling is a form of prelinguistic language which precedes regular stages and prepares infant for speech. At what age to infants say words? Infants say words @ age 10 to 14 months. What happens with infants @ 18 months? @ 18 months infants link words together. What are holophrases? Holophrases are single word to convey complex meaning What is telegraphic speech? Telegraphic speech is essential components are used What is under extension? Under extension is overly restrictive meaning is assigned to word What is over extension? OVER extension is an overly generalized meaning is assigned to word. What happens with structure of home language? Word order mirrors that used by mature speakers of the home language. What happens to children's language in preschool? Childrens language grows rapidly, sense of syntax & grasp of grammar. They move from private speech to social speech. What happens to school age childrens language? School age childrens language uses syntax and pragmatics. What are linguistic strategies? Linguistic strategies are used to control behavior. What is one theory of language development? Learning Theory/assumes that we use basic behavioral processes like conditioning, reinforcement and shaping to learn language. What is another theory of language development? Nativist Approach/Chomsky/humans are genetically endowed with language acquisition device that permits them to detect & use the principles of universal grammar. How is this supported? This is supported by sensitive periods for learning language, lack of language among non-humans, existence of areas of BRAIN associated with language, while the failure to specify a truly universal grammar weakens it. What is an intermediate approach? An intermediate approach is that all children have an innate linguistic capabilities that are shaped by social factors such as the language to they are exposed & interactions with others. How are language & thought related? Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis/language that people speak influences the ways they perceive & understand the world. What does Piaget think? Piaget thinks language is mainstream but also controversial. What is an intermediate position? Intermediate position that thought & language jointly influence one another. What does infant speech do? Infant speech takes on characteristics from various cultures & help language development. What does adult language do? Adult language differs according to gender the child to whom it is directed.
Why are language development & economics significant? Preschool poverty children tend to hear a smaller quantity & variety of language from their parents & caregivers that children of wealth. What is bilingualism? Bilingualism in school age years/children taught all subjects in 1st language, with simultaneous instruction in ENGLISH experience fewer deficits & several linguistic & cognitive advantages. How do immersion programs work? Immersion programs work well during school day with minority language. What about Ebonics or African American English? Ebonics is related to power, status and linked to linguistic & social issues. P O S T T E S T PHONEMES or combing words to form sentence Which principle underlies the relationship between production and comprehension? COMPREHENSION PRECEDES PRODUCTION ___________ communication occurs through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, and imitation. prelinguistic or sounds, expressions, imitation When observing infants raised in different cultures, the babbling begins to differ according to the language in which they have been exposed at about the age of ______ . 6 MONTHS FOR BABBLING A first word is generally spoken by a baby between ___________ months of age. 10 - 14 months first words When she was very young, Carla would say "ma" when she wanted her mom to pick her up or she wanted something to eat. This is an example of _______ because the meaning depends on the context. holophrase or one word to stand for a sentence ___________ speech occurs when words that are not critical to the message are omitted. telegraphic/not critical words omitted From age 2-3, a child's use of syntax __________ . syntax doubles each month @ age 2 Karen showed a dictionary to her three-year-old daughter and to her six-year-old son. Her son could easily remember that the book was called a dictionary, while her daughter just saw it as a book. Her son's understanding is an example of ________ . fast mapping/new word associated with meaning When his grandmother handed him a birthday gift, Michael knew to tell her "thank you." Michael understands the aspect of language called _________ because he communicates effectively and appropriately. pragmatics/communicated effectively & appropriately _________ speech is directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person. social speech is meant to be understood by other person Which of the following is an example of a phoneme that children often find more difficult to pronounce compared to others? th hard to say Metalinguistic awareness usually develops in ________ . metalinguistic awareness in middle childhood/understanding your own words Based on guidelines developed by Anne Dunlea, what is the first step that occurs in normal language development? Dunlea/understanding some of the things that are heard Which theory of language acquisition follows the fundamental laws of reinforcement and conditioning? LEARNING THEORY APPROACH/reinforcement & conditioning Chomsky's idea of universal grammar can be found in the __________ approach to language acquisition. nativist approach/Chomsky The ____________ of language development combines the thoughts behind the other two theories. interactionist perspective/COMBINES THOUGHTS BEHIND OTHER TWO THEORIES When she talked to her three-month-old daughter, Sandra tended to speak in a higher-pitched voice and used a singsong quality. These are examples of _______ . infant directed speech Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of infant-directed speech? staccato/musical words Studies have found similarities in languages across cultures, including all of the following EXCEPT ________ . the quality of speech infants hear from their parents Which of the following is a common feature of infant-directed speech in a Spanish-speaking household? fast tempo In the study by Hart and Risley, it was shown that children raised in a home that received welfare assistance were exposed to nearly ________ fewer words by the age of four than families classified as professionals. 13 million fewer words for welfare homes Psychological research suggests that knowing more than one language offers several ________ advantages? cognitive advantage for being bilingual The term Ebonics has been in use since the ______ . 1970's Ebonics A school board in Oakland, California, declared Ebonics as a distinctive language, and claimed it has its roots in ________ . Africa is where Ebonics is from Sets with similar termsPSYC 2076 Chapter 8- Language Development45 terms msheph4 Chapter 848 terms AllyBaker01 Psychology chapter 8: part 150 terms baybay19991 Chapter 739 terms gabbyhoefer13 Other sets by this creatorMedical Terminology Ch. 4-5 (Peggy C. Leonard)71 terms lkeese Medical Terminology Ch. 9 (Peggy C. Leonard)39 terms lkeese Medical Terminology Ch. 8 (Peggy C. Leonard)35 terms lkeese Medical Terminology Ch. 7 (Peggy C. Leonard)25 terms lkeese Other Quizlet setsSPCH 1321 Ch525 terms Angelica_Sandoval37 Eng 143 test 352 terms abby_horn20 P358 Exam Questions41 terms nunez_10 Ch 7 Language Disorders in Young Children14 terms sweetie_scott Related questionsQUESTION Two fundamental facts about language that posit language has UG 7 answers QUESTION Interpreters working as STAFF in a hospital setting can choose which assignments they would rather interpret because of the medical issues and conformability component. 2 answers QUESTION How/why do pidgins and creoles form? 2 answers QUESTION Mark fears that because the schools have these problems, people will look at the schools and assume that their troubles are caused by using sign language in the classroom, even though that is not the case. 5 answers What is a Holophrase quizlet?Holophrase. one word that can represent a complete thought.
Which term describes the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others?Pragmatics - aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.
What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?In linguistics, "syntax" refers to the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. The term "syntax" comes from the Greek, meaning "arrange together." The term is also used to mean the study of the syntactic properties of a language.
What is the term for the aspect of language that relates?Pragmatics. The aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others. Social speech.
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