What the main process of identifying and selecting IS development projects discuss each one?

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What is the 1st stage in the process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects?

Identifying Potential IS Development Projects

What are the objectives of Identifying Potential IS Development Projects? (Stage 1)

- Identification from a stakeholder group
>Each stakeholder group brings their own perspective and motivation to the IS decision
- 2 Sources:
> Top-down
> Bottom-up
- The process varies substantially across organizations

What are Top-down Sources? (S.1 - Identifying Potential IS Development Projects)

the projects identified by top management or by a diverse steering committee

What are Bottom-up Sources? (S.1 - Identifying Potential IS Development Projects)

Project initiatives stemming from managers, business units, or the development group

Describe the Top Management: Selection Method (for making IS identification and selection decisions)

- Greater strategic focus
- Largest project size
- Longest project duration
- Enterprise-wide consideration

Describe the Steering Committee: Selection Method (for making IS identification and selection decisions)

- Cross-functional focus
- Greater organizational change
- Formal cost-benefit analysis
- Larger and riskier projects

Describe the Functional Area: Selection Method (for making IS identification and selection decisions)

- Narrow, nonstrategic focus
- Faster development
- Fewer users, management layers, and business functions involved

Describe the Development Group: Selection Method (for making IS identification and selection decisions)

- Integration with existing systems focus
- Fewer development delays
- Less concern with cost-benefit analysis

What is the 2nd stage in the process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects?

Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects

How do you Classify and Rank IS Development Projects? (Stage 2)

- Using Value Chain Analysis or other evaluation criteria

What is Value Chain Analysis? (Evaluation Criteria for S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

The process of analyzing an organization's activities for making products and/or services to determine where value is added and costs are incurred

What can organizations be thought of as?

A Value Chain
- Transforming raw materials intro products for customers
- Storage and distribution of products
- Marketing, sales, and customer support

What is the 3rd stage in the process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects?

Selecting IS Development Projects

What are the objectives of Selecting IS Development Projects? (Stage 3)

- Based on various factors
- Both short and long-term projects considered
- Most likely to achieve business objectives selected
- Is a very important and ongoing activity

What factors go into project selection decisions?

Project selection decisions must consider numerous factors:
> Evaluation Criteria
> Current Organizational Environment
> List of Potential and Ongoing Projects
> Perceived and Real Needs
> Existing and Available Resources

What are the possible outcomes of project selection decisions?

- Accept Project
- Reject Project
- Delay Project
- Refocus Project
- End-User Development
- Proof of Concept

What is Strategic Alignment? (Evaluation Criteria for S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

The process of viewing a project to determine if it is helping the organization achieve its strategic objectives and long-term goals

What are Potential Benefits? (Evaluation Criteria for S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

The process of viewing a project to determine if it is improving profits, customer service, and so forth, and the duration of these benefits

What is Resource Availability? (Evaluation Criteria for S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

Amount and type of resources the project requires and their availability

What is Project Size/Duration? (Evaluation Criteria for S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

Number of individuals and the length of time needed to complete the project

What are Technical Difficulty/Risks? (Evaluation Criteria for S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

Level of technical difficult to successfully complete the project within given time and resource constraints

What are the types of evaluation criteria? (S.2 Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects)

- Value Chain Analysis
- Strategic Alignment
- Potential Benefits
- Resource Availability
- Project Size/Duration
- Technical Difficulty/Risks

What is one method for deciding among different projects or alternative designs?

- For each requirement or constraint:
> Score = Weight x Rating
- Each alternative:
> Sum of scores across requirements/constraints
- Alternative with highest score wins
(EX. Chapter 4 Slide 15)

Deliverables and Outcomes (of completing the process of identifying and selecting IS development projects)

- Schedule of specific IS development projects
- Assurance that careful consideration was given to project selection and each project can help the organization reach its goals
- Incremental Commitment

What is Incremental Commitment? (Deliverables and Outcomes)

Project is reviewed after each phase and continuation of the project is rejustified

Consequences of Poor Information Systems Planning

- Cost of Information Systems
- Systems may not handle applications that cross departments and organizational boundaries
- Systems may not address business problems
- Data redundancy
- Poor quality data
- High maintenance costs
- Frustrated users -> create own systems -> hodgepodge of systems, incompatible systems

Why Systems Analysis & Design? (explain with example)

1. Business Need
> Ex. Need for improving inventory management
2. Information Need
> Ex. Inventory Information
3. Information Systems Need
> Ex. Inventory Management System (IMS)
4. Systems Analysis & Design
> Ex. Systems analysis & design of IMS

To benefit from a planning-based approach for identifying and selecting projects, an organization must:
(Corporate and Information Systems Planning)

- Analyze its information needs thoroughly
- Plan its projects carefully

What is Corporate Strategic Planning?

Ongoing process that defines mission, objectives, and strategies of an organization

What 3 parts are involved in Corporate Strategy?

- mission statement
- objective statements
- description of competitive strategy

Define Mission Statement (Corporate Strategic Planning)

A statement that makes it clear what business a company is in

Define Objective Statement (Corporate Strategic Planning)

A series of statements that express an organization's qualitative and quantitative goals for reaching a desired future position

Define Competitive Strategy (Corporate Strategic Planning)

The method by which an organization attempts to achieve its mission and objectives

What are the main types of Competitive Strategy? (Corporate Strategic Planning)

- Low-cost producer
- Product differentiation
- Product focus or niche

Describe the Low-Cost Producer and give an example (Competitive Strategy)

This strategy reflects competing in an industry on the basis of product or service cost to the consumer
> Ex. In the Automobile industry, the South Korean-produced Hyundai is a product line that competes on the basis of low cost

Describe Product Differentiation and give an example (Competitive Strategy)

This strategy reflects capitalizing on a key product criterion requested by the market (ex. high quality, style, performance, roominess)
> Ex. In the Automobile industry, many manufacturers are trying to differentiate their products on the basis of quality ("At Ford, quality is job one.")

Describe Product Focus or Niche and give an example (Competitive Strategy)

This strategy is similar to both the low-cost and differentiation strategies, but with a much narrower market focus
> Ex. A niche market in the Automobile industry is the convertible sports car market. Within this market, some manufacturers may employ a low-cost strategy while others may employ a differentiation strategy based on performance or style

What is Information Systems Planning (ISP)?

- An orderly means of assessing the information needs of an organization and defining systems, databases, and technologies that will best meet those needs
- Must be done in accordance with the organization's mission, objectives, and competitive strategy
- Must be kept in line with corporate strategic planning

Give an example of parallel activities of corporate strategic planning and information systems planning

- CSP
> Current Enterprise
> Future Enterprise
> Strategic Planning
- ISP
> Current Situation (listing of manual and automated processes/data, technology inventory, human resources inventory)
> Future Situation (blueprints of manual and automated processes/data, technology blueprints, human resources blueprints)
> Schedule of Projects (GANTT chart)

Top-down IS planning

This process attempts to gain a broad understanding of information system needs of the entire organization and offers... (Look up in textbook)

Bottom-up IS planning

This process identifies IS development projects based on solving specific operational business problems or taking advantage of specific opportunities

What is the advantage of having planning done by the senior or top managers in the company? (Top-down planning)

- Broader perspective
- Improved integration
- Improved management support
- Better understanding

What is the advantage of bottom-up planning?

- Can be faster
- Less costly

Business Functions of IS Planning

- Business planning
- Product development
- Marketing and sales
- Production operations
- Finance and accounting
- Human resources
...

Data Entities of IS Planning

- Customer
- Product
- Vendor
- Raw material
- Order
- Invoice
- Equipment
...

Information Systems in IS Planning

- Payroll processing
- Accounts payable
- Accounts receivable
- Time card processing
- Inventory management
...

Define Functional Decomposition of IS planning information

Breaking high-level abstract information into smaller units for more detailed planning

IS Planning Matrices

Describe relationships between pairs of organizational elements (location, function, business unit, objective, process, data, information system)
> Ex. Data Entity-to-Function matrix (Ch. 4 Slide 33)

What might a Planning Matrix for WSU look like?

- Functions:
> Registration
> Sports events
> Residence halls
> Course setup
> Facilities management
- Data Entities:
> Students
> Professors
> Staff
> Committees
- Information Systems
> Registration System
> Blackboard

7 Development Projects of IS Plan

1. Organizational Mission
2. Informational Inventory
3. Mission and Objectives of IS
4. Constraints
5. Long-Range IS Strategies
6. Short-Term Plan
7. Conclusions

Organizational Mission (Project 1 of IS Plan)

Briefly describe mission, objectives, and strategy of the organization

Informational Inventory (Project 2 of IS Plan)

Provide summary of current and future processes, functions, data entities, and information needs of the enterprise

Mission and Objectives of IS (Project 3 of IS Plan)

Describe primary role IS will play in the organization to transform enterprise from current to future state

Constraints (Project 4 of IS Plan)

Describe limitations imposed by technology and current levels of financial, technical, and personnel resources

Long-Range IS Strategies (Project 5 of IS Plan)

Summarize overall information systems needs in the company and set long-term strategies for filling the needs

Short-Term Plan (Project 6 of IS Plan)

Show detailed inventory of present projects and systems and detailed plan for the current year

Conclusions (Project 7 of IS Plan)

Describe unknown, but likely events that can affect the plan, presently known business change elements and their impact on the plan

What are the 3 Unknowns That Must Be Dealt with When Designing and Building Internet Applications? (E-Commerce Apps and Internet Basics)

- User
- Connection Speed
- Access Method

User: Unknown that must be dealt with (E-Commerce Apps and Internet Basics)

- Concern: Who is the user?
- Example:
> Where is the user located?
> What is the user's expertise, education, or expectations?

Connection Speed: Unknown that must be dealt with (E-Commerce Apps and Internet Basics)

- Concern: What is the speed of the connection and what information can be effectively displayed?
- Example:
> Modem
> Cable modem
> DSL
> Satellite
> Broadband
> Cellular

Access Method: Unknown that must be dealt with (E-Commerce Apps and Internet Basics)

- Concern: What is the method of accessing the net?
- Example:
> Web browser
> Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
> Web-enabled Cellular Phone
> Web-enabled Television

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What is the project identification and selection?

Project Identification and selection is a process to assess each project idea and select the project with the highest priority. Project Identification: The process of identifying a candidate idea for developing into a project is called Project Identification. This is a systematic process.

What are the steps in project identification process?

Deliverables.
Preliminary project plan (PPP).
Feasibility report (FR).
Investment analysis report (IAR).
Project complexity and risk assessment (PCRA).
Project charter..
Identification close out document (ICOD).

What is the process of project selection?

Project selection is the process of evaluating and choosing projects that both align with an organization's objectives and maximize its performance. Prioritization refers to ranking or scoring projects, based on certain criteria, to determine the order of execution.

What are the five 5 methods for selecting projects?

Project Selection Methods Top 5 Criteria.
Time Value of Money..
Present Value..
Future Value..
Present Value & Future Value Relationship..